BULLET TRAIN FIRST TIME IN INDIA

• India’s first bullet train corridor, between Mumbai and Ahmedabad, could turn out to be the cheapest high-speed train service in the world.
• The Japanese team working on its feasibility study has worked out its “fare box revenue” model, according to which the bullet train fare will be just one-and-a-half times more than the AC-I fares of other trains on the same route.
  
• According to this model, the Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train fare works out to about Rs 2,800, calculated on the basis of the current AC-I train fare of Rs 1,895. Currently, trains on this route take about eight hours for the 534-km journey. The bullet train is expected to take less than two hours.
• Japan’s Tohoku Shinkansen (Hayabusa trains) charges about Rs 8,000 for a 713-km ride on the Tokyo-Shin-Aomori sector. A second class ticket on China’s Jinghu High Speed Railway for the Beijing-Shanghai route costs over Rs 5,000. In India, initial estimates a few years ago had pegged the fare for this corridor to be in the same range. Officials, however, said the latest study of the possible fare model gives a more realistic picture. 
• The report is likely to be submitted to the Railways Ministry in July. The Japanese team carried out a survey of people travelling on the proposed corridor, asking them how much they would like to pay for a bullet train service with a speed of about 320 kmph. Apart from the complex mathematics of the fare box revenue model, the feedback obtained from the people was also factored in while calculating the likely fare, said sources. As per the team’s estimates, about 40,000 people are going to use the corridor every day by 2023 — when the bullet train service is expected to begin. The AC-1 fares for this sector in 2023 would serve as the reference for the bullet train fares. 
• The study found that pricing the tickets any higher would make the flights a more attractive option, and any lower would not support the maximum revenue generation. By keeping the fares low, the bullet train will be able to steer clear of a fare war with airlines, while also retaining the existing business of higher-class railway travel. The corridor is expected to have around 10 stations, and is supposed to cost Rs 98,000 crore, after factoring in inflation and taxes.
•  Work on the corridor is expected to be completed about eight years after it is commissioned 

Narasimha Rao's life history to be taught in schools

• The state government today announced on the 94th birth anniversary of P V Narasimha Rao that the late former Prime Minister's life history will soon be taught to students in Telangana's schools. 

• "The life history of former Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao will be introduced in the syllabus for school students in Telangana state," Karimnagar MP B Vinod Kumar said. 

TELENGANAS iPASS for industries

• Telangana Government, which declared a bold industrial policy on June 12 that promised to clear project proposals within a fortnight, has cleared the names of 17 companies which sought permission to invest in the state within 10 days of applying. Chief Minister K Chandrasekhara Rao will sign and release the requisite documents to representatives of these companies Tuesday afternoon.
• Delivering on its assurances and promise that under its novel, innovative and business-friendly industrial policy `Telangna State Industrial Project Approval and Self-Certification System (TS-iPASS), that permissions and licenses would be given within 15 days, and if permission is not given then it is deemed to have been given, the Government cleared the applications of the these 17 companies in record time. These 17 companies will invest Rs 1,500 crores and will create about 4,000 jobs, an official said.
• Some of the companies which have been given clearances are ITC Limited, Anjani Portland Cement Ltd, MSN Life Sciences Private Limited, Sneha Farms Ltd, Aizant Drug Research Solutions, Pioneer Torsteel Mills Ltd, Solithro Private Ltd, Covalent Laboratories Pvt Ltd, EPR Centre for Cancer Research and Bio-Informatics Pvt Ltd, Bhavna Solar, Premier Photovoltaic Pvt Ltd, Usha Ventures Pvt Ltd, Value Labs, Dodla Dairy Ltd, HIL Ltd (Plastics), Duraline India Pvt Ltd (Telecom), Nuzen Industries Pvt LTd. ITC with an investment of Rs 800 crores in a food processing unit in Toopran Mandal in Medak district is the biggest investor among these companies.
  
• According to Telangna State Industrial Project Approval and Self-Certification System, penal action will be taken against government officials if they are found to have delayed the processing of applications. “The process to clear project proposals is quick, transparent and time-bound. For investors, there is a right to clearance clause in the policy and a 15-days timeline to give clearances to mega projects of Rs 200 crores and above, and 30 days for all other projects,’’ says Arvind Kumar, Secretary, Industries.
• The Telangana Government has set aside a land bank of over 1.30 lakh acres of non-agriculture land to be allotted to investors and companies bringing in projects. “Since this land is not suitable for agriculture, there are no hurdles created by anyone over land. The Government has also reserved 10 per cent water from all irrigation sources for industry,’’ an official said. A penalty of Rs 1000 per day would be levied on government officials who delay projects beyond the time limit of 15 days.
• “The fact that the state can be held accountable for delays has given lot of confidence to investors and industrialists. No one expected this kind of a policy could be possible in the country,’’ says IT Secretary Jayesh Ranjan who pushed for the penalty clause.

REVIEW OF DR.A.P.J.ABDUL KALAM ON REWRITING HISTORY TEXTBOOKS

• The controversy over rewriting of history textbooks notwithstanding, former President A P J Abdul Kalam says fair research is needed in this regard and any such rework attempt should not be made by "people running the show" but by people of academic excellence. 

• He is also of the view that value-based education and proper parenting can help in curbing crime by juveniles. 

• "History books were mostly written by the rulers who ruled this country. So one must do research, fair research, and find what had historically happened," he says. 

• Books must be well researched and properly written. They should not be written by people who are running the show but by people of academic excellence," the 83-year-old Kalam, who was India's 11th President from 2002-2007, said in an interview. 
• He, however, feels that books related to science and technology need to be updated frequently as new information is "coming everyday". 

• "Science and technology has made great progress. A few decades ago, no one knew about Internet. But now we have to add that. Now a new type of communication is coming - 95 Ghz W band. So the syllabus has to be updated as technology changes, methodology changes," Kalam, who was conferred with Bharat Ratna in 1997, says. 

• He has come up with a new book "Reignited: Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future", co-authored by his close aide Srijan Pal Singh. The book provides several nuggets of his life besides advice for young people on careers in areas like robotics, aeronautics, neurosciences, pathology, paleontology and material sciences. 

• On curbing crime by juveniles, he says value-based primary education, good parenting and knowledge from teachers are very important. 

• Kalam says that the biggest challenge for the scientific community is earthquake prediction. For this, an integrated team of geologists, material scientists, physicists, and remote sensing satellite experts, rock formation experts and oil exploration experts has to be formed. 

• "Research has to be done using multiple parameters. It has to be a combination of geology, physics, chemistry, mathematics and information technology," he says. 

• "This is a big challenge. But going by the damage caused by earthquakes, research is very much essential. A multi-nation effort is required," Kalam says. 

• Kalam, who came from a poor background, worked as a newspaper boy to complement his father's income. He had some great teachers, who he remembers fondly. 

CONGRESS REPORT ON ONE YEAR RULE OF PM NARENDRA NODIS GOVERNMENT

• In a stinging counter offensive,Congress today said Prime Minister Narendra Modi had no work on ground to show and accused him of "murdering democratic institutions" while running "a one-man government".
• Presenting a five-chapter report card on the completion of Modi government, Congress leader Jairam Ramesh said "MODI refers to Murder Of Democratic India" as it has bypassed Parliament with its "maximum governance becoming maximum arrogance and minimum government becoming one-man government".
• Calling Modi "Super Gagan Vihari", Congress leaders also attacked the Prime Minister over his foreign visits saying he was only busy polishing his global image.
• The opposition party accused Modi government of playing with national security, saying "reducing defence expenditure, frequent ceasefire violations, Pakistani and Chinese infiltration into Indian territory and no decision over one-rank one-pension scheme show its lack of concern".
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• Questioning the government's move to buy 36 Rafale fighter jets from France in fly-away condition, Congress leader and former Defence Minister A K Antony wondered whether the Finance Ministry and Defence Acquisition Council were taken on board on the deal.
• Presenting the "report card", Ramesh told reporters in Bengaluru, "Chapter one refers to MODI - Murder Of Democratic India; ...in the last one year he has completely bypassed Parliament, he rarely comes to Parliament, he was not present when constitution amendment bill on GST was voted in Lok Sabha."
• In the last one year, of the 53 bills presented in Parliament, only five had gone to the standing committee, when normally all bills go to it, he said.
• Ramesh described the five chapters of the report card as "murder" of democratic institutions, maximum governance becoming maximum arrogance and minimum government becoming one man government, turnaround becoming U-turns some positive some negative, repackaging of UPA programmes and sharp reduction in allocation for social sector schemes like health, drinking, water and sanitation.
• "This, in short, is what Mr Modi has accomplished in the last one year," he said.
• With Finance Minister Arun Jaitley launching a media blitz over the achievements of the Modi government on its first anniversary, Congress leader Kapil Sibal alleged that he was indulging in "big talk" and was unaware of ground realities.
• "Badi badi baatein karte hain Jaitley sahab...He says they have controlled inflation. I would like to ask Jaitley: Have you been near the first floor of the North Block? Have you been to the market? What will a person who sits in North Block know about market," the former Union minister said in Mumbai.
• They have given the slogan of "saal ek, kaam anek' but in reality, it is "saal ek, baatein anek", Sibal said.
• "All the work they claim to have done is in the air. We don't see that work on ground. Do you see it?" he asked.
• On Modi's foreign tours, he said, "In last one year, Modi was on foreign tour for 53 days and was touring India for 48 days. No Prime Minister had criticised India while on foreign tour but Modi did that."
• "Congress is not opposed to Modi's foreign trips per se, after all in every government Prime Minister is a Foreign Minister in a way - right from Jawaharlal Nehru's time, and Atal Bihari Vajpaee who was Foreign Minister used to be called 'Gagan Vihari Vajpayee', but Mr Modi has become 'Super Gagan Vihari'," Ramesh said.
• In a dig at Modi's remarks against the opposition abroad, former Union minister C P Joshi, in Raipur, said, "We hope that PM comes out of the election mode. Elections are over in the country and there is no election in foreign countries. You (PM) are campaigning in (foreign countries) in such a way...(but) there is no election there to elect a world leader."
• On the USD 6 billion Rafale deal, Antony said in Delhi that neither the Prime Minister, nor the Defence Minister or the Armed Forces could procure any equipment bypassing the Defence Acquisition Council.
• He also sought to know about the technology transfer between Dassault and HAL based on which 108 more aircraft were to be "Made in India".

KCR’s one year rule at a glance

• Telengana’s first Chief Minister K. Chandrasekhar Rao will celebrate his first year in power on Tuesday, against the backdrop of misreading the mandate and an eccentric of functioning.
• On this day, the CM’s office will begin functioning around noon, review meetings are held when things precipitate, like swine flu or on whim.
• In the past entire year, the only person he attempted to fulfil is the farmer’s loan waiver where he paid up banks Rs.4,250 crore last year with allocations for three more similar annual instalments. The farmers’ disaffection increases when they recall that Rao promised to irrigate every acre of cultivable land. 
  
• The waiver is meagre when one considers that the monthly income of a farmer’s household is just Rs.6,491. Looking it from the other side, 52 per cent of farmers in India are in heavy debt, but in Telangana this figure soars to 83 per cent, according to the National Sample Survey. 
• Integrated Andhra has 17 per cent tenant farmers, which was next to West Bengal in 2002-03. In 2012-13 this figure more than doubled to 36 per cent. Clearly, agriculture is not fetching, and Rao does not deem it fit to review the situation to begin reversing the figures, at least in the medium term. 
• At a recent workshop at the National Institute of Rural Development here an Intelligence officer disclosed that 1,037 farmers have committed suicide in the last two years. Official sources told The Statesman that more than half of them ended their lives in the first 11 months of Rao’s government. 
• This being so, Rao has embarked on two schemes. Mission Kakatiya, which is meant to de-silt centuries old 45,000 tanks. The scheme is well appreciated but the government is unable to shake off allegations that it awarded de-silting contracts to TRS functionaries. 
• The second is the Drinking Water Grid, meant to supply potable water to every household. The scheme is controversial as the original cost of Rs.25,000 crore overnight shot to Rs.40,000 crore without explanation. Doubts are gaining currency about this expenditure as 72 pc of households are already connected with pipelines. 
• These two are intended to dump the premier poll promises of free KG to PG education, three acres of cultivable land to farmers and two bedroom houses for the homeless. 
• Now Mr Rao wants to shift the Secretariat to Bison Polo Grounds as the existing campus “has dreadful vaastu”. If he thinks he got the mandate to shift the Secretariat because of vaastu, he will discover that voters have an unnerving habit to script another story

NOTE FOR VOTE SCAM NEWS

• Voting was scheduled for June 2nd. On the evening of June 1st, 
• we were shown the explosive video of deputy leader of TDP in the Assembly, Revanth Reddy, offering 50 lakhs in cash to Mr. Stephenson, nominated MLA (from the Anglo-Indian quota) and further promising an additional 4.5 crores once voting is completed on the 2nd. Revanth Reddy is a very popular TDP MLA – a loud mouth many a time, but has the gift of oratory and therefore is a big hit in public meetings. This came as a huge shocker to everyone. One couldn’t imagine that he would be so stupid as to go and deliver the cash himself!
• 2 videos have been leaked – one recorded on May 31st – in which Revanth and Stephenson discuss the details of the offer – 5 crores cash, and if TRS government decides to curtail the term of Stephenson, then he will get MLA seat from the AP quota of Anglo Indians (which as far I know, doesn’t even exist). Revanth Reddy also mentions that he will talk to his boss and clear up all things. He also mentions that he will get the boss to talk to Stephenson, should he have any doubts about the deal. The second video, and more incriminating video, is of the evening of June 1st – where Revanth Reddy gives Stephenson a bag of cash amounting to 50 lakhs and promises the additional 4.5 crores the next day.
• A couple of days later, the Home Minister of Telangana says that they even have tapes of Chandrababu Naidu talking to Stephenson. And finally on the evening of June 7th, this (alleged) tape was also leaked. The discussion is a short one – Chandrababu Naidu says – “Our people have briefed me. I am with you. What all they spoke, we will honor. Freely you can decide, no problem. That is our commitment.”
• whatever remaining hell had to break lose, broke lose! The AP government and the TDP party have come out and said that the voice does not belong to Chandrababu Naidu at all. They have now made this into a TS vs AP battle! Some random tapes of a conversation between a DSP and a MLA were released by the AP government on a TV channel. These tapes were supposed to “incriminate” KCR’s son, but they do nothing.
• Chandrababu Naidu’s USP has been that he and his party are epitomes of honesty. One of their strongest campaign points last year was to choose between a “thief” (referring to Jagan Mohan Reddy) and a leader. By getting caught while trying to buy the vote of an MLA – that impression officially lies in tatters now. This was a wrong battle the TDP chose to fight. It was very clear from the beginning that the TDP did not have the numbers to win, instead of staking so much prestige, it would have been good if they lost gracefully and then went to town claiming how a party that won 65 seats was able to gather 85 votes in the Assembly.
• Instead, Revanth Reddy’s ambition coupled with a bad call by Chandrababu Naidu has landed the party in a soup (and perhaps one of their biggest crisis too). Revanth Reddy claims in one of the videos that Naidu agreed to put up a candidate in this election only because he convinced him to do so. Given how the failing was evident, did ego get to Revanth Reddy? Did he want to win at any cost and please the party supremo? On what basis did they count the support of 17 MLAs, when the writing on the wall was so clear!
• Whatever happened in the last one week is quite unbelievable. The stock of TDP is anyway very low in Telangana currently. The events of the last week only add one more nail to their coffin. There might be a minor setback in Andhra Pradesh too, however, elections are 4 years away, the only thing that will matter to the people of AP are execution of TDP promises. The choice the people of AP have is Chandrababu Naidu and Jagan Mohan Reddy (unless Pawan Kalyan decides to contest in 2019 separately). Jagan is accused number 1 in 11 cases. Just yesterday, former APCC chief, Botsa Satyanarayana has joined YSRCP. The image of Botsa is also quite bad when it comes to corruption. Given this choice and the fact that elections are 4 years away, it is unclear how the tapes will impact.
• Chandrababu Naidu is legally safe – even if the conversation is true – it doesn’t reveal anything. He doesn’t take names and numbers, so no charge can be framed against him, no arrests will be made. KCR has scored over the TDP in this round. But we haven’t seen the end of this unfortunate saga yet.
  

•  The Telangana Congress on Monday asked Andhra Pradesh chief minister N Chandrababu Naidu to resign from his post to facilitate a fair probe into the cash-for-vote case.

• Naidu introduced horse-trading of legislators in 1995 when he dethroned the then chief minister N T Rama Rao and he has now been trapped at his own game, said Mohammad Ali Shabbir, Telangana Congress vice-president and leader of the opposition in the state legislative council. "If Naidu still believes in some ethics and morals, he should resign from his post and face the probe," he told reporters. 

• The minister said a resignation would be an opportunity for Naidu to atone for betraying NTR and that he could do so by making NTR's son Balakrishna, a TDP MLA, as the AP chief minister. 

• Meanwhile, the Congress leader also alleged that TDP leaders were giving contradictory statements on Naidu's audio tapes. While Parakala Prabhakar has alleged that the Naidu tape was cooked up, Errabelli Dayakar Rao had tried to defend Naidu, asking what was wrong in seeking vote. However, Ali added that he was not interested in taking sides on the issue. 

PM NARENDRA MODI APPRECIATES GHMC FOR THEIR ACHEIVEMENTS

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Thursday heaped praises on GHMC for its efforts to increase the income of the corporation without enhancing the property tax. 
• The PM had called upon  all municipalities and municipal corporations of the country to emulate it and take inspiration from the civic body for increasing their income without enhancing the property tax. 
• According to statement issued by the corporation, the PM made these remarks while addressing a gathering of mayors, municipal commissioners and other public representatives from more than 500 cities of the country during the launch of Smart City and Amrut City projects of the union government at Vigyan Bhavan in New Delhi.
  
•  
• The statement further claimed that the PM had also termed the achievement made by the GHMC in increasing the property tax income from Rs.166 crore in the year 2004-05 to Rs.1115 crore in the year 2014-15  could also be achieved by other urban local bodies of the country had they put in dedicated efforts.
• The corporation also said that the PM Modi and Union urban development minister M.Venkaiah Naidu had also inaugurated an exhibition on the occasion.
•  During the exhibition, GHMC Commissioner Somesh Kumar got the opportunity to explain the achievements made by the corporation with the help of an exhibit. 
• Earlier, the Commissioner made a power point presentation explaining the steps initiated by the corporation without burdening the people by increasing the property tax.  
• The corporation had said that the income of the corporation under the leadership of the commissioner had increased from Rs.780 crore during 2012-13 financial year to Rs.1115 crore during the last fiscal

KTR TWITS IN TWITTER

• Telangana Information Technology and Panchayat Raj Minister K.Taraka Rama Rao on Friday made it clear that they do not have any hatred towards Andhra people settled in Hyderabad. 
• He said that the settlers from the neighbouring state also have equal rights in Hyderabad like their counterparts from Telangana state.
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•  KTR made these remarks during Twitter Live interaction. The minister had created to hashtags to receive questions from people across the world and answered all the questions he received. KTR received 125 questions from around the world in just 80 minutes time. 
•  The Minister had made it clear that Chief Minister K Chandrashekar Rao would rule the newly formed state for the next 20 years in a row 
  

• When another person wished to see KTR as chief minister, he said KCR will be CM for the next 20 years. He said the interests of AP people in Hyderabad would be safeguarded.

• If any TRS leader was caught redhanded like  TDP’s Revanth Reddy, the TRS would have immediately suspended him, he said. Asked about the cash-for-vote case, he said law would take its own course.
• Quizzed about IT in rural Telangana, KTR announced that two BPOs will come up in Warangal and Karimnagar soon.But, not all the questions were easy to answer. There were some tough questions, like who is your favourite politician in other parties in the State. Some even asked him to provide Baahubali benefit show tickets! Another man posted a video in which Rama Rao, as an MLA in 2011, at the height of the T-movement, was seen abusing a policeman.
• On the development of Hyderabad, KTR said they would install one lakh CCTV cameras in the city and added that a comprehensive road plan with `20,000 crore was being prepared.
• Asked about his comments on director Ramgopal Verma, KTR said ‘he was a good director.’ After more than two-and-a-half-hours chatting with people from 6.30 pm, he concluded the programme at 9 p.m. saying: “Thanks guys. I had a great time. We will follow up on suggestions and advice.’’ 

FREE TREATMENT IN NIMS, PANJAGUTTA.TELENGANA FROM STARTS BTY JULY 1ST

• The state owned superspeciality hospital Nims will offer cashless treatment to government employees and pensioners from July 1,2015 next month. 
• The facility will be available to all those who were issued with the cashless treatment cards by the state government. 
• The state government will also introduce the cashless treatment facility in MNJ cancer hospital. 
  

• The decision was taken during a high level review meeting held by state health minister Dr.C.Lakshma Reddy with the officials of his department in his chambers at D block of secretariet. The Minister had directed the officials to extend the cashless scheme to other state run medical colleges and district level hospitals by the end of July. 

• The Minister is also convening a meeting with the officials of private hospitals to discuss on the issue of extension of the cashless treatment to the state government employees and the pensioners on Saturday.
•  The private hospitals have been demanding the state to increase the prices of packages for the treatment of various Diseases under the  Arogyasree scheme.

Hyderabad people will get Piped Gas supplyto residencs in two years

The residents of Hyderabad will get piped gas supply in the next two years time. 
Union minister Dharmendra Pradhan on Friday said that they had initiated steps to supply gas to every household of the state capital through pipes. 
He said that the central government is spending Rs.1300 crore for the development of various  petro-chemical projects in the Telangana state. 

The Minister, who visited the state to participate in various programs has also said that the center would supply gas to Food Corporation of India (FCI) unit at Ramagundam. Pradhan also said that the steps were afoot to provide domestic gas connections to 12 lakh families of the state that do not have the connections so far
. He said that 74 lakh families of the state have the gas connections.

TELENGANA INDEPENDENCE STRUGGLE HISTORY

TELENGNANA INDEPENDENCE

Telangana, as a geographical and political entity was born on June 2, 2014 as the 29th and the youngest state in Union of India. However, as an economic, social, cultural and historical entity it has a glorious history of at least two thousand five hundred years or more. Megalithic stone structures like cairns, cists, dolmens and menhir​s found in several districts of Telangana show that there were human habitations in this part of the country thousands of years ago. Remnants of iron ore smelting found at many places demonstrate the hoary roots of artisanship and tool making in Telangana for at least two thousand years. The reference to Asmaka Janapada, part of present Telangana, as one of the 16 Janapadas in ancient India proves that there exist​ed an advanced stage of society.

One of the first five disciples of the Buddha, Kondanna is a typical name from Telangana and though there is no exact information about his native place, the earliest known Buddhist township of Kondapur in Medak district is believed to be after him. The Buddha himself famously acknowledged that it was Kondanna who understood him properly. The Buddhist sources say that Bavari, a Brahmin from Badanakurti in Karimnagar sent his disciples to all the way to north India to learn Buddhism and spread the message in this region. Megasthenes, who visited India in the 4th century BCE, wrote that there were 30 fortified towns of Andhras and a majority of them were in Telangana. In the historical age, Telangana had given rise to mighty empires and kingdoms like the Satavahanas, Vakatakas, Ikshvakus, Vishnukundins, Chalukyas, Kakatiyas, Qutb Shahis and Asif Jahis.

The emergence and flourishing of these powerful political formations is in itself a proof of existence of a sturdy economic, social and cultural structure. Thus Telangana has been a vibrant social entity by the time of the Buddha and continued to be so for the next two and a half millennia. Endowed with such rich cultural heritage, despite the attempts by historians and scholars from Andhra region to obfuscate and erase its history, Telangana always retained and fought for its self respect and self rule. Due to the official efforts to ignore, erase, belittle and look down Telangana history and turn it into an appendage or a footnote, particularly during 1956-2014, much of Telangana history is either not properly researched or not recorded even if it was studied. Telangana rose again and secured its political identity now and is in the process of resurrecting its own glorious past. Here is an attempt to reconstruct the history of Telangana, the wonderful musical instrument with a thousand strings.

Pre-history (Up to 1000 BCE)

Even though extensive exploration has not been done, particularly subjected to neglect after 1956, the archaeological ​​department under the Nizams’ government had done tremendous work in discovering the traces of pre-historical human habitations in Telangana. These studies found that human habitations in parts of Telangana can be seen from the Paleolithic age consistently. Either the same locations or extended locations showed people continued to live and develop through the later stages of Mesolithic, Neolithic and Metal ages. Excavations discovered stone tools, microliths, cists, dolmens, cairns and menhirs.  All the ten districts of Telangana showed these traces even when a proper, scientific and official research and excavations have not been done and thanks to the efforts of either the first generation researchers before 1950s or individual amateur explorations.  

Pre-Satavahanas (1000 BCE – 300 BCE)

In the historical age beginning from 1000 BCE there are some references of Telangana as a geographical entity as well as Telugu as a linguistic entity, in the contemporary Buddhist and mythological texts. However, it needs a detailed research to discover finer aspects and establish the stage of development of pre-Satavahana society. Thought the official research into this aspect was stalled for about six decades, some enthusiasts like Thakur Rajaram Singh, B N Sastry and Dr D Raja Reddy did their own painstaking explorations and showed that there was a flourishing society before the emergence of the Satavahanas. Particularly Dr Raja Reddy proved with numismatic evidence that there were rulers before the Satavahanas with Kotalingala as capital and issued their own coins. In these excavations the coins of Gobada, Naarana, Kamvaaya and Samagopa were discovered and at least two other rulers’ names came to light.  Thus Telangana happens to be the first region in the subcontinent to have issued punch-marked coins with even insignia. The Buddhist texts as well as accounts of foreigners like Magesthenes and Arrian talked about this region as having thirty forts, many of which have to be explored.

Satavahanas (250 BCE – 200 CE)

After the fall of the Mauryan Empire, around the third century BC there arose the first significant kingdom under the Satavahanas from this region. The earliest capital of the Satavahanas was Kotalingala and then moved to the other popular capitals like Paithan and Amaravati (Dharanikota) only after two centuries of their rule. However, the first capital was either ignored or brushed aside to give prominence to the later place in coastal Andhra. The coins issued by the Satavahana kings Simuka (BC 231-208), Siri Satavahana, Satakani I, Satasiri, Satakani II, Vasittiputta Pulumayi, Vasittiputta Satakani and their governors were discovered in Kotalingala. Numismatic and epigraphic evidence showed that the Satavahanas ruled a larger area of the peninsula, with oceans as borders on three sides. Literature like Gathasaptashati, painting like Ajanta flourished during the Satavahana rule.

Post-Satavahana (200 CE – 950 CE)

After the fall of Satavahanas in the third century AD, Telugu-speaking areas were divided under various small rulers and till the emergence of the Kakatiyas, for about six or seven centuries this fragmentation continued. Even as the mainstream Andhra historians maintained that it was a dark period in Telangana history without any political formation, the current research found that Telangana was ruled by various kingdoms like the Ikshvakus, Vakatakas, Vishnukundins, Badami Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Vemulavada Chalukyas, Kalyani Chalukyas, Mudigonda Chalukyas, Kanduri Chodas and Polvasa dynasty. A detailed research into this period is yet to take place.

Kakatiyas (950 CE – 1323 CE)

The sub-feudatories of the Rashtrakutas emerged themselves as independent kings and founded the Kakatiya dynasty around 950 AD and this kingdom became strong and united whole of Telugu-speaking lands and lasted for more than three centuries and a half. The kingdom saw powerful kings like Ganapatideva, Rudradeva and Prataparudra as well as the first ever woman ruler in the subcontinent Rudramadevi. The Kakatiyas ruled from Hanumakonda in the beginning and shifted their capital to Warangal later.

The Kakatiyas are known for their irrigation public works, sculpture and fire arts. Thanks to the well-planned irrigation facilities and a perfect system of chain tanks to suit the undulating nature of the terrain, the Kakatiya kingdom flourished economically leading to cultural progress also. Envy of this affluence, several ne​​​​ighbouring kingdoms as well as Delhi Sultanate tried to wage war on Warangal many times and failed. Finally in 1323, Delhi army could lay seize on Warangal fort and capture Prataparudra, who, according to the legend, killed himself on the banks of the Narmada unwilling to surrender   when he was being taken as prisoner of war to Delhi.

Post-Kakatiya Interregnum (1323 – 1496)

After Prataparudra was defeated by Malik Kafur in 1323, the Kakatiya kingdom was again fragmented with local governors declaring independence and for about 150 years Telangana was again under different rulers like Musunuri Nayakas, Padmanayakas, Kalinga Gangas, Gajapatis, and Bahmanis.

Qutbshahis (1496 - 1687)

Sultan Quli Qutb Shah, subedar for Telangana under the Bahamanis, with Golconda as his capital, declared his independence in 1496 and seven sultans of this dynasty ruled not only Telangana but the entire Telugu-speaking land including parts of present day Maharashtra and Karnataka. The Moghul empire waged war and defeated Golconda in 1687 and for about three decades Telangana was again witnessed chaos and fragmented rulers. 

Asaf Jahis (1724-1948)

In 1712, Emperor Farrukhsiyar appointed Qamar-ud-din Khan as the viceroy of Deccan and gave him the title Nizam-ul-Mulk . He was later recalled to Delhi, with Mubariz Khan appointed as the viceroy. In 1724, Qamar-ud-din Khan defeated Mubariz Khan and reclaimed the Deccan suba. It was established as an autonomous province of the Mughal empire. He took the name Asif Jah, starting what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty. He named the area Hyderabad Deccan. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were called Asaf Jahi Nizams or Nizams of Hyderabad. The Medak and Warangal divisions of Telangana were part of their realm.

When Asaf Jah I died in 1748, there was political unrest due to contention for the throne among his sons, who were aided by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. In 1769, Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams.

Nasir-ud-dawlah, Asaf Jah IV signed the Subsidiary Alliance with the British in 1799 and lost its control over the state's defense and foreign affairs. Hyderabad State became a princely state among the presidencies and provinces of British India.

A total of seven Nizam's ruled Hyderabad. (there was a period of 13 years after the rule of Asaf Jah I, when three of his sons (Nasir Jung, Muzaffar Jung and Salabath Jung) ruled. They were not officially recognised as the rulers:

• Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I (Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan)
• Nasir Jung (Mir Ahmed Ali Khan)
• ‏Muzaffar Jung (Mir Hidayat Muhi-ud-din Sa'adullah Khan)
• Salabat Jung (Mir Sa'id Muhammad Khan)
• Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah II (Mir Nizam Ali Khan)
• Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III (Mir Akbar Ali Khan)
• Nasir-ud-Daula, Asaf Jah IV (Mir Farqunda Ali Khan)
• Afzal-ud-Daula, Asaf Jah V (Mir Tahniyath Ali Khan)
• Asaf Jah VI (Mir Mahbub Ali Khan)
• Asaf Jah VII (Mir Osman Ali Khan) 

Post-independence

When India became independent from the British Empire in 1947, Hyderabad remained an independent princely state for a period of 13 months.

The peasants of Telangana waged an armed struggle to liberate the region. Scores of people lost their lives in the armed struggle. The private militia named Razakars, under the leadership of Qasim Razwi unleashed terror in the state by resorting to looting and murder.

On 17 September 1948, the Indian government conducted a military operation called Operation Polo to bring Hyderabad state into the Indian Union. It appointed a civil servant, M. K. Vellodi, as first chief minister of Hyderabad State on 26 January 1950.

In 1952, Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected chief minister of the Hyderabad State in its first democratic election. During this time, there was an agitation by locals in the state to ensure proper representation was given to locals ( mulkis ) of Hyderabad.

First Telangana Movement

In early 1950s, people of Telangana region in Hyderabad state, started organizing themselves with a demand for separate state. In 1953 the Indian government appointed the States Reorganization Commission (SRC) to look into various statehood demands in the country. The Commission was headed by Fazal Ali, Kavalam Madhava Panikkar and H.N. Kunzru

The SRC toured the whole country to seek representations from various sections of the society. People of Telangana region submitted several memorandums to the SRC and expressed their wish to constitute Telangana as a separate state. Telangana intellectuals such as late Prof Jayashankar and political leaders such as Sri HC Heda, Sri Konda Venkat Ranga Reddy gave memorandums containing historic, political, economic, social and cultural justifications for creating the Telangana state. The Commission submitted its report on 30 September 1955, and recommended formation of Telangana state.

During the period between 1955 September and 1956 November, the people of Telangana launched a series of protests demanding statehood by implementing the SRC recommendations. But intense lobbying by leaders from Andhra state in New Delhi resulted in the merger of Telangana region in Andhra state to form the Andhra Pradesh state.

Telangana leaders insisted on a Gentlemen’s Agreement before the merger could take place. The agreement was signed by Andhra and Telangana leaders and provided safeguards with the purpose of preventing discrimination against Telangana by the Andhra leaders.However, the agreement was violated from day one by the Andhra leaders.

1969 Telangana Agitation

Non-implementation of Gentlemen’s Agreement and continued discrimination to Telangana region in government jobs, education and public spending resulted in the 1969 statehood agitation.

In January 1969, students intensified the protests for a separate state. On 19 January, all party accord was reached to ensure the proper implementation of Telangana safeguards. Accord's main points were 1) All non-Telangana employees holding posts reserved for Telangana locals will be transferred immediately. 2) Telangana surpluses will be used for Telangana development. 3) Appeal to Telangana students to call off agitation.

But the protests further intensified, as more and more students and employees joined the statehood movement. Police firing on protesters led to the death of about 369 youngsters during this phase of the agitation. Then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi called for a high-level meeting to discuss the statehood issue. After several days of talks with leaders of both regions, on 12 April 1969, the Prime Minister developed an Eight Point Plan. Sri M. Chenna Reddy, founded the Telangana Praja Samithi (TPS) political party in 1969 to spearhead the statehood movement.

Mrs. Indira Gandhi had called snap parliamentary elections in March 1971. In these parliamentary elections, Telangana Praja Samithi won 10 out the 14 Parliament seats in Telangana. However, Indira Gandhi’s Congress (R) Party scored a landslide victory on a platform of progressive policies such as poverty elimination (Garibi Hatao). She was reluctant to accept the Telangana statehood demand at that juncture. Sri M Chenna Reddy then merged TPS in Congress (R) party, after formulating a Six-Point Formula to safeguard Telangana’s interests. The statehood movement continued until 1973, but subsided later.

Final Telangana Movement

Since mid 1990s, the people of Telangana started organizing themselves under various organizations with a demand for separate state of Telangana.

In 1997, the state unit of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) passed a resolution seeking a separate Telangana. Though the party created the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Uttarakhand in 2000, it did not create a separate Telangana state citing resistance of its coalition partner, Telugu Desam Party.

Sri Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao (KCR), who was then the Deputy Speaker of AP State assembly, had started background work on Telangana issue in early 2000. And after detailed discussions and deliberations with a plethora of Telangana intellectuals, KCR announced the launch of Telangana Rashtra Samithi on May 17th 2001.

KCR had resigned to the post of Deputy Speaker and MLA before launching the Telangana Rashtra Samithi party. Prof Jayashankar, the ideologue of statehood movement extended his support to KCR.

In 2004, TRS entered into a poll alliance with Congress party. The party won 26 MLAs and 5 MPs and entered into both the AP state and Indian government. Telangana issue found a place in UPA-1 Common Minimum Program. Statehood issue was also mentioned by President Abdul Kalam and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in their speeches.

TRS president KCR, was initially allotted the Shipping portfolio. But another UPA ally DMK demanded Shipping portfolio and threatened to walk out of the coalition, if its demand was not met, KCR voluntarily relinquished the Shipping portfolio to save the fledgling UPA-1 government. KCR remained as a Union Minister without portfolio, before being given the L​abour and Employment portfolio. As the UPA government continued to dilly-dally on the decades old demand for Telangana state, KCR resigned to his ministry in 2006.

When a Congress leader made a belittling statement on the statehood movement in September 2006, KCR resigned to the Karimnagar Lok Sabha seat and won it with a thumping majority. The massive majority achieved by KCR in that election proved the strong statehood aspirations in the region.

In April 2008, TRS party MLAs resigned also walked out of the state government in protest against the delay in Telangana formation. But, TRS could retain only 7 MLA and 2 Lok Sabha seats in this by-election.

In 2009 elections, TRS allied with TDP, CPI and CPM parties. The grand alliance did not yield the desired result, as the Pro-Telangana vote got split between TRS, Congress, PRP and BJP. In the end, TRS could win only 10 MLA seats and 2 MP seats.

Intensifying the movement

On Nov 29th, 2009 , KCR had announced an indefinite hunger strike demanding statehood to Telangana. But en route, the state police had arrested him and sent to Khammam sub-jail. The movement spread like wildfire with students, empl​​oyees, peoples’ organizations plunging into it. In the next 10 days, the whole of Telangana region came to a standstill.

The state government, headed by Sri K Rosaiah had called for an all-party meeting on 7th December. Leaders of TDP and PRP parties promised that they would support a Telangana statehood resolution if it was tabled in the state Assembly. As KCR’s health was deteriorating very fast, on Dec 9th 2009, the UPA government announced that the process of statehood for Telangana would be initiated.

But within 2 weeks, resistance from Seemandhra leadership resulted in UPA backtracking on this issue. KCR then brought all political forces in Telangana region together to form the Telangana JAC – an umbrella body of several organizations and parties, with Prof Kodandaram as its Chairman. TRS cadre and leaders actively participated in several agitations and protests launched by TJAC.

State Formation

After 4 years of peaceful and impactful protests, the UPA government started the statehood process in July 2013 and concluded the process by passing the statehood bill in both houses of Parliament in Feb 2014.

In the General Elections held in April 2014, Telangana Rashtra Samithi emerged victorious by winning 63 of the 119 seats and formed the government. Sri K Chandrashekar Rao was sworn in as the First Chief Minister of Telangana. The Telangana state was inaugurated formally on June 2nd 2014.